Aston Villa faced significant financial restrictions from UEFA and the Premier League's Profit and Sustainability Rules, impacting their transfer activity.
The club was fined £9.5m by UEFA for breaching squad cost ratio rules and had to ensure a positive transfer balance to avoid further penalties.
To comply with financial regulations, Villa sold academy product Jacob Ramsey for £39m and were largely passive in the transfer market until deadline day.
Ezri Konsa admitted he does not fully understand the financial rules but acknowledged they severely affected Villa's transfer window.